HBS Case Innovation and Collaboration at Merrill Lynch Essay

In a quickly evolving world, associations need to persistently recognize new open doors past existing abilities on the off chance that they are to endure and thrive. Clients additionally progressively need tweaked items. Client support has become a cleanliness factor and client dedication is currently being driven by quicker development, fast idea to-market and item co-creation. This has prompted the expansion of the coordinated effort worldview to client confronting capacities in the flexibly chain, specifically the item plan and prototyping stage. Cooperation is turning into another and significant wellspring of upper hand. Generally, investigators in the venture bank would in general work freely. Particularly, in the start of 1990s, the globalization overpowered the market and financial specialist became to believe that they ought put resources into the nearby market, however put resources into the worldwide market. With this difference in clients’ disposition, the speculation bank became to feel the need of advancement of their working style. Under these circumstances, Merrill Lynch chose to make entirely unexpected style of examination report, the capital structure report which was just conceivable with the coordinated effort of universal market, cross-segment, and cross-resource investigators. The First Capital-Structure report about the U.S. Link Industry secured seven organizations. It was the main attempt of shared work in Merrill Lynch, so it didn’t have any reasonable rules for the compelling collaboration. There was no away from of collaboration, and furthermore there was no inspiration for the member. Examiners from various segments were approached to get together one day, and requested to make a capital structure report. With no unmistakable objective, and without the structure and arrangement of collaboration, the entire methodology continued wastefully. It required some investment to get the last report, however the nature of report was not fulfilled. As it were, its attempt to change was creative, yet the collaboration itself was less â€Å"value-addable†. The subsequent Capital-Structure report about U.S. Utilities secured 5 organizations. This time, it appeared as though there were clear objectives; â€Å"The thought from get-go was that individuals would have the option to get this thing and begin creating tradesâ from it. That was objective number one. The subsequent objective was to have the report sitting on people’s work areas for a decent timeframe as a kind of perspective manual for how various pieces of the capital structure affected one another and influenced valuations and potential opportunities† furthermore, the members in this task worked pretty intently together as of now. Nonetheless, these were insufficient for the powerful cooperation. They were as yet not persuaded to the undertaking a ton, and the greater responsibility may have been called for. This implies they still didn’t have explicit objective to set out toward. Nonappearance of explicit objective normally brought bunches of discussions which moderate the advancement. At the point when the group completed the task, the report got a great deal of positive input from customers. Also, it appears that Merrill Lynch met its objective before all else. Be that as it may, without the particular objective of what they ought to accomplish, and with the bunches of data they should combine all, â€Å"it was a granulating exercise† to reach on the conclusive outcome. The Third Capital-Structure Report was about auto organizations. Right now U.S. experts and Europe pros cooperated. Investigators didn't require a lot of persuading in light of the fact that they definitely knew the requirement for this community oriented work. There were bunches of vitality and eagerness as of now. What's more, this third undertaking began with an arrangement; they comprehended what they need to accomplish explicitly and they additionally had the reasonable cutoff time. The entire strategy was advanced easily from this progression to the following. Thus, Sales got notification from a customer that â€Å"the esteem included thoughts contained in the report are unique, separate Merrill from the remainder of the Street, and give them another motivation to pay Merrill commissions.† Despite the fact that Merrill Lynch adapted heaps of things experiencing the upper three cases, there still are numerous issues remained. The undertaking may have been all the more ideal and had a reasonable pioneer. To accomplish the further fruitful development and coordinated effort, there are numerous significant things Browning as the chief of the examination office ought to have contemplated. As a pioneer for change, Browning should set the topic by imparting motivating dreams, which give an image of things to come joining verse and composition, creative mind and realism, drawing on goal, dream, prize,â target, message, and initial step. In this way, first, as a pioneer Browing must be secure about team’s contract, strategic, and targets to colleagues. Furthermore, representatives must accept a specific degree of individual exertion will prompt accomplishing the corporation’s guidelines of execution. So Browing should set stretch objectives which they stimulate individuals. What's more, Browing must defy the key inquiries that must be replied and afterward impart the natural truth that motivates. The correspondence of that motivating vision is ostensibly the irreplaceable condition. So For this, he should dispatch interior site for his imaginative undertaking and this site will help colleagues assist project’s vision correspondence just as opportune data get to. To be explicit, officially, the experts can share data about every division normally through email, e-pamphlet, and customary cross-segment meeting. For instance, the value examiner can have the rundown about current security market or subsidiary market week after week or fortnightly. Additionally, through internal data meeting for cross-resource coordinated effort report the examiner could get an opportunity of dissecting advantages and disadvantages of the joint effort report. Second, for successful correspondence, Browning needs to manufacture the trust and regard in the inventive venture group. Casually, similarly as Fleishman demanded, through easygoing lunch or standard supper, cross-resource examiners could be near one another, and all-of-abrupt they could be working together. What's more, this collaboration would empower significant discourse around issues of convincing significance to examiners. To create strong establishment and common trust, vis-à-vis connection is required. Also, similarly as Hezig suggested, having recently recruited employees turn for a while before getting allotted to do research may be a helpful apparatus for powerful correspondence. New workers not exclusively could be alright with cross-resource assets, yet in addition could have cozy associations with cross-resource partners. Third, Browing needs to manufacture the way of life which intentionally invigorates deliberate cooperation. So he needs to focus on structure a community oriented development group which can add adaptability to arranging and control frameworks. Without adaptability, examiners can stop their inventive and gainful thoughts. So Browing need to think about this adaptability in a drawn out objective. Innovative cooperation regards and respects the abilities andâ contributions of every individual included, paying little heed to rank, status or skill. Associations that are not kidding about joint effort ensure there is a protected domain for facing the challenges that are fundamental for innovative cooperation. Fourth, Browing ought to make environment where animates advancement thoughts. It implies that he ought to make standards to advance inventiveness. Cooperative Innovation is another training that enhances current practice or reacts to new chances and difficulties. In reality, numerous associations are attempting to construct their own way of life for development. In this manner Browing needs to concentrate on chance taking for change. Hazard taking is ‘no disciplines for failure’ and ‘freedom to attempt things and fail’. For instance, giggling at the individuals who propose new methodologies can quit sharing data one another. Another standard to advance innovativeness is transparency. Receptiveness incorporates open correspondence and help share data, open access, readiness to counsel others. Browing ought to be cautious about information vanishing. He should develop inside information database as an instrument at the corporate level for gathering thoughts and afterward advancing them. And furthermore he needs to give all the important workers to get to the database. Subsequently, workers who are keen on any significant subject can give negative or positive input and the subject can create in a superior manner. Development is a procedure, not only a yield. Break is as significant as time in. On the off chance that we have an issue, our cerebrums keep on scanning for the arrangement even while we are doing different things. Fifth, Browing ought to praise achievement making everybody legend. Praising achievements offers help for staff experiencing change. Similarly as Casea stated, Browining needs to persuade investigators that cooperative undertaking is added substance to their establishment, that it’s not only an extracurricular action. Budgetary prizes do urge individuals to create results. In any case, the sort of proprietorship that truly produces vitality isn't monetary. It is passionate. Representatives must feel that the prizes offered are alluring. Giving sufficient compensation, simultaneously he could praise the exertion and result at whatever point he experiences. This will bestow a motivatingâ sense of individual achievement and gradually will fabricate promise to the joint effort. A strong exhibition the board framework requires due regard to both natural and extraneous prizes. So Browing ought to be talented at imparting instrumental and expressive messages simultaneously. The last recommendation for Browning is to choose or appoint the appropriate pioneer and make him control the group under solid administration. Similarly as Casesa showed, non-progressive connections across divisions among experts convoluted the errand since there was likewise no real chief when examiners made the third capital-structure report. To keep up this advancement, Browning likewise h

Are robots to blame for job polarization Research Paper

Are robots to fault for work polarization - Research Paper Example This reality has become a typical concern. It was uncovered that such a change is brought about by various components, among which there are: globalization, dynamic and open exchange, change in enactment and, the first and the outmost †the advancement of innovation. â€Å"Such a decrease had suggestions for the dispersion of earnings. Work pay is all the more equally disseminated across U.S. families than capital salary, while a lopsidedly huge portion of capital pay gathers to the top pay family units. As the offer that is all the more equitably dispersed declined and the offer that is progressively accumulated at the top rose, all out pay turned out to be less uniformly circulated and increasingly aggregated at the top. Therefore, complete pay disparity rose† (Jacobson and Occhino, 2012). That machines can supplant living work force, is a verifiable truth. Numerous researchers express that fast mechanical advancement annihilates working environments a lot faster, than m akes new openings. This causes the development of imbalance in the United States. Such circumstance happens in other created states too. This is upsetting news as it sabotages the confidence in mechanical advancement. Innovations are as yet viewed as an instrument that expands the profitability and makes the general public more extravagant, yet it has a clouded side simultaneously: specialized advancement wrecks the requirement for some kinds of work and put the normal laborer in the most noticeably awful conditions than previously. Developments have never come so rapidly, the middle pay is falling, and there are less working environments. Individuals can't stay aware of innovations, which are being improved so rapidly that employees’ aptitudes and hierarchical structures can’t stay aware of the pace. The instances of how advanced innovations undermine working environments can be found all over. Mechanizes have been applied in various creation zones as of now for a lon g time. Today in the United States and China less individuals than in 1997 are occupied with creation because of computerization. Vehicle plants

Freedom Day 6 Books About Post-Apartheid South Africa

Freedom Day 6 Books About Post-Apartheid South Africa On April 27, 2019, it will be 25 years since South Africa held their first post-apartheid elections where every citizen of voting age and of any race was allowed to vote. Nelson Mandela became the country’s first president elected through a fully democratic process. At Book Riot, we are celebrating Freedom Day 2019 through literature because we know words are power, and words are freedom. This list is obviously not extensive, but hopefully these South African stories (both true and imagined) about life after apartheid will inspire you add some more books to your African reading list! Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood by Trevor Noah Noah shares his coming-of-age story during the end times of apartheid that began with his birth, a criminal act punishable by five years in prison. In 18 personal essays, Noah weaves a moving and funny story of a young man struggling to find himself in a world where he was never supposed to exist. Coconut by Kopano Matlwa Matlwa’s debut novel explores the psychological trauma due to apartheid through the lives of two women. Ofilwe lives a life of privilege and chooses to adopt “white culture” and the accompanying benefits over embracing her African culture. Fikile is a sassy and ambitious go-getter looking to escape poverty and live the sophisticated city life of white people. Dreams, Betrayal and Hope by Mamphela Ramphele The country of South Africa needs hope again, because the dream imagined in 1994 of equality, a thriving economy, and prosperity for all has been betrayed. In this thoughtful analysis, Ramphele argues the “emotional settlement” to heal the trauma of colonialism and apartheid and the “socio-economic settlement” to provide equality for all is missing, and suggests innovations to achieve true reconciliation. Thirteen Cents by K. Sello Duiker Duiker’s debut novel shows the dark side of Cape Town through magical realism and follows the life of Azure, a 13-year-old black street kid with blue eyes. Azure is determined to survive the dangerous world of gangs and the sex trade. Welcome to Our Hillbrow by Phaswane Mpe This novel is about South Africans dealing with xenophobia, suicide, and other post-apartheid trauma in the inner city neighborhood of Johannesburg, Hillbrow. The Woman Next Door by Yewande Omotoso Hortensia and Marion are neighbors and recent widows adjusting to post-apartheid South Africa. One is black, and one is white. Both are sworn enemies. One day, an unforeseen event forces the women together, and their arguing gradually turns into conversation, but is that enough to turn these enemies into friends? Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Non-Traditional Students Essay example - 765 Words

With today’s changing world and the economy the way it is, it is not uncommon for people of all ages to enter the college setting. In fact, two-thirds of students entering the college setting are classified non-traditional (Brown, 2007). Bill (2003) found that there was an 11% increase of non-traditional student enrollment from 1991-1998 displaying 35% in 91 and 46% in 1998. These numbers have since increased according to Jacobson Harris (2008) showing that half to 75% of undergraduates consist of the non-traditional student sitting the reasons for reentering the college setting to be economic. What exactly defines a non-traditional student and what services may they need in comparison to the traditional student. According to†¦show more content†¦Non-traditional students need services that aid them with their self-confidence. The non-traditional student may need added encouragement from the counselor that the choice that has been made suits his career options. He may need assurance that he correctly using the internet to research occupations of interest. The traditional student on the other hand may find it beneficial to be a part of peer counseling programs or internships. Question # 2 Career Counseling can be beneficial to everyone that seeks employment. However, when seeking advice and assistance on something as important as a career, people should know the credentials of the counselor. Many individuals that pursue career counseling follow a variety of code of ethics and ethical guidelines according to Brown (2007). With this being said, it is important that career counseling practice should be regulated. According to Porter, Gildon, Zgliczynski (2000), people claiming to be counselors is a serious problem in the state of California because no formal standards are set for appropriate licensure except for that of a marriage counselor. This lack of standards and credentials causes many problems for those seeking advice and assistance with a particular problem. More importantly, the public is not protected even if they take a case to court and the â€Å"counselor† is found guilty. What is to be taken away? He can continue to practice because he does not have a certificate to begin with. LrehShow MoreRelatedThe Expanding Environment for Non Traditional Students980 Words   |  4 PagesNon Traditional Students According to current estimates approximately 75 percent of college students are now nontraditional students – older than 25, attending school part time, and having delayed entry or reentry into college for a variety of personal reasons. Post secondary education is needed by such students to develop their careers and to acquire knowledge and skills required by a constantly changing global society. This trend is not restricted to North America; it is a worldwide phenomenonRead MoreEthos in College: Non-Traditional Age Students and Younger Professors2667 Words   |  11 Pageswith this, credibility, trustworthiness, and general relationships with students an educator in a collegiate classroom must acquire. Ethos and education often go hand in hand. Although being an effective and accomplished educator is tasking, establishing ethos as a teacher is an undertaking in itself. Ascertaining ethos as a young educator requires time and effort. Incorporate age differences among the teacher and the students, the educator may have to work even harder to establish ethos. DespiteRead MoreNon Traditional Students Of Color Essay1917 Words   |  8 PagesNon-traditional students of color are often faced with obstacles that make life that much more challenging as compared to traditional students. 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The same can be said for the financial communityRead MoreBeing A Non Traditional Student1946 Words   |  8 PagesBeing a non-traditional student, I have the opportunity to attend school while also pursuing a career in Information Technology (IT). Within the field of IT there are many avenues to explore ethics depending on the type of business that is being supported, or what the technical specialty may be. For instance, if the busin ess operates in a medical environment that treats patients, there are privacy concerns, and ethical standards that must be followed. The same can be said for the financial communityRead MoreNon Traditional Vs Traditional Learners1413 Words   |  6 PagesNon-Traditional vs Traditional Learners - A Look at Statistics and Outcomes Historically, the quintessential college student leaves home at the age of 18 to live on a college campus for four years. 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Their motivation for education relies in their personal interests and satisf actions, jobRead MoreLanger Article Critique Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesPractice: using learning journals in higher and continuing education Langer (2002) central focus is plainly stated in the introduction, which is â€Å"how the use of journals impacted the learning process of adult non-traditional students and how this impact compared to that of traditional students†. The purpose of this article critique is to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Langer (2002) article. The body of the critique will develop the five major elements, which begin with the research question/problemRead MorePersonal Responsibilty as It Relates to Academic Success Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesstructure and high value on responsibility will increase your chance of academic success. A Study of Non-Traditional and Traditional Students in Terms of their Time Management Behaviors, Stress Factors, and Coping Strategies is a great study on the difference between traditional and non-traditional students. The authors focus on the different stressors that are related to non-traditional and traditional students, primarily focusing on the demands of work, school, and personal life, and the conflict betweenRead MoreRecruitment And Retention Of Nontraditional Students1689 Words   |  7 PagesNontraditional Students The reality for career technical educators with regard to broadening representation of both men and women in nontraditional careers is that there needs to be a creative recruitment strategy designed that utilizes the enthusiasm and talents of successful role models (Lucci Jr., W., 2007). Effective recruitment and teaching practices can help educators create learning situations that are conducive for all students to learn, especially those nontraditional students in career clusters

Case Study Ethical Issues Confronting Jacob - 966 Words

There are a number of ethical concerns contained within the case study. Due to the large number of ethical issues confronting Jacob, he may wish to make a decision as to whether he truly desires to work in such an unethical culture. The environment of a business can certainly influence the individual employee, either for good and positive aspects, or in a bad or negative manner. Organizational ethics are definitely in play in this particular case study. A 2010 study found that an organizational culture reflects more than rules and structure within an organization, but represents deeper values, practices, and ways of thinking (McNeal, 2010, p. 125). This organizations overall lack of professionalism and the resulting environment can take its toll on Jacob, causing him to make decisions and take action(s) that he might fully regret later. The very first ethical concern as it pertains directly to Jacob is the headhunting from another firm that provided him with the opportunity to divulg e privileged information to a competitor. This may seem small-time when compared to handing out envelopes full of cash, but it directly affects Jacobs decision making process and his character. In fact, it could not only be grounds for dismissal from his current employment, but it could also cause a re-thinking by the firm pursuing his services. The firm that is pursuing Jacob could decide that any employee who would give out sensitive information to a competitor might also do the sameShow MoreRelatedPoverty And Its Effects On The International Landscape Of Poverty Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pagesinfiltrates everything in our life, including the educational system affecting our mindsets, it has the responsibility and the moral obligation to solve this problem and to end poverty. 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The Tell Tale Heart Essay - 1015 Words

The Symbolism of a Beating Heart With a descriptive epistle of murder and insanity, â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† threw itself into history as a classic. The narrator tells of his plot to murder an old man with a â€Å"vulture eye.† Although he sneaks into his bedroom, night after night, he still cannot murder the old man, because he loves the man, but hates the eye. When seeing the vulture eye on the eighth night, he murders the old man and dismembers his body. While insisting upon his sanity he hears the old man’s heart beating under the floorboard. Because of a neighbor’s complaint, the police show up to investigate, but he quickly quells their suspicion with his smooth talk and calmness. If the heart stopped its loud beating, the murderer would†¦show more content†¦However, because murder inevitably follows the meeting of their eyes, the narrator hears the heart beating faster. â€Å"I say, there came to my ears a low, dull, quick sound†¦ I t was the beating of the old mans heart. It increased my fury as the beating of a drum stimulates the soldier into courage† (Poe 1207). As it beats faster and faster, it pushes him further into his insanity. Hearing it beat so loudly, he believes not only will it burst, but also the neighbors will hear it. Thus, the insane man rushes headlong into the hideous act. â€Å"But the beating grew louder, louder! I thought the heart must burst. And now a new anxiety seized me -- the sound would be heard by a neighbor! The old mans hour had come!† (Poe 1207-1208). Taking the part of his conscience telling him to tell the truth about the old man’s death, the lunatic hears the heart beating under the floorboard when the officers come into his house. Because the guilt was too much to bear, the heart, in a sense, tricked him into turning himself in. Thus, he cracked and could not withstand the sheer pressure. â€Å"‘Villains!’ I shrieked, ‘dissemble no m ore! I admit the deed! -- tear up the planks! -- here, here! -- it is the beating of his hideous heart!’† (Poe 1209). Although he planned the old mans murder and kept everything under control, he did not factor in what his guilt would do. HisShow MoreRelatedThe Tale the Heart Tells523 Words   |  2 PagesMany a night, just at midnight, when all the world slept, it has welled up from my own bosom, deepening, with its dreadful echo, the terrors that distracted me. I say I knew it well. I knew what the old man felt and pitied him although I chuckled at heart† (Poe 2). The narrator sees the man as his double through such an emphasis on their similar features, which later becomes crucial as the narrator feels the need for the displacement of his fear. The fact that the old man’s fear is warranted due toRead MoreEssay on The Tell-Tale Heart852 Words   |  4 PagesAndrew Fiddler Professor Esquivel English 1020 15 February 2013 Themes of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† Edgar Allen Poe explores the similarity of love and hate in many stories, especially â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart.† In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† the narrator confesses a love for an old man whom he then violently murders and dismembers the body and hides the pieces below the floorboards in the bedroom. When the police arrive, the narrator appears normal and unshaken by the murder. Later on, the man gives inRead MoreEssay on The Tell Tale Heart655 Words   |  3 PagesThe Insane Killer One of Edgar Allan Poe’s most terrifying tales is â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†. Poe’s life was tragic because many of the women that Edgar Allan Poe loved very much had died of tuberculosis- his mother, his foster mother, his wife Virginia, and the men in his life kept abandoning him, so that made him dark and depressed. That darkness shows in a lot of his stories, including this one. â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† is a story about a murder the narrator commits. He kills an old man becauseRead MoreTell Tale Heart Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesIn â€Å"Tell Tale Heart,† Edgar Allen Poe develops the plot and creates a mood through the use of metaphors, symbolism, imagery, and foreshadowing. The unique use of said literary devices enables the story to strongly entice the reader’s interest and spark high levels of curiosity. The vivid mental pieces of art are beautifully painted with metaphors, symbolism, and imagery, the tools mastered by the painter, Edgar Allen Poe. The initial analysis will be that of the old man’s eye. Mr. Poe uses veryRead More The Tell Tale Heart Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesIn the â€Å"Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar Allan Poe, the narrator is extremely uncanny due to the reader’s inability to trust him. Right from the beggining the reader can tell that the narrator is crazy although the narrator does proclaim that he is sane. Since a person cannot trust a crazy person, the narrator himself is unreliable and therefore uncanny. Also as the story progress the narrator falls deeper and deeper into lunacy making him more and more unreliable, until the end of the story where the narratorRead More A Hanging and A Tell-Tale Heart1541 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters of the guard from George Orwell’s â€Å"A Hanging† and the servant from Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"A Tell-Tale Heart†, they both experience the act of taking another person’s life. The guard from â€Å"A Hanging† works at a prison in Burma where felons await execution. His job is to lead the convicted men to their doom and makes sure everything goes routinely and swift. While the servant from â€Å"A Tell-Tale Heart† is a psychopathic man who lets his obsession over his boss’s glasseye lead him to plot and carryRead MoreAnalysis Of The Tell Tale Heart 1110 Words   |  5 Pagesdespicable villains are marked with indifference towards their moral reprehensibility. â€Å"In the Penal Colony† and â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† both elucidate the idea that corruption, darkness, and immorality alike are unperceivable to the one afflicted. However, while â€Å"In the Penal Colony† suggests that this blind nature is a result of dutiful honor, responsibility, and hope, â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† alternatively submits that it is a result of the possibility of fulfillment. Distinction between bothRead MoreThe Tell-Tale Heart Confession593 Words   |  2 PagesProbably not, but most americans have had this issue in that past. The narrator in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† had the same exact same problem during his span as a butler. â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† is a short story composed about a butler that murders his master because he didn’t liked the way his master’s eye looked when it was open. The meaning of the title â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, means that every heart has a tale to tell. At the ending of the story the narrator openly admits that he killed his master to policeRead MoreThe Black Cat And The Tell Tale Heart957 Words   |  4 Pages the manner in which he expressed these emotions was his brilliantly horrifying short stories. In the two short stories â€Å"The Black Cat† and â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† Poe uses characterization to portray the guilt of the narrator. â€Å"The Black Ca t† short story’s writing has a morbid effect on readers and describes the torments of guilt. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† Poe explores the effects of the subconscious mind, the suppressing of guilt and the narrator’s guilt forcing him to confess.† â€Å"The Black Cat† isRead MorePsychosis and Guilt in The Tell-Tale Heart977 Words   |  4 PagesIn Edgar Allan Poe’s ‘The Tell-Tale Heart,† the narrator explains how he is not mad, how cautious he is in planning a murder. A person can argue however with the narrator of ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’, which he is indeed mad. The anxiety the narrator experiences through out the story makes him mad, it is also the guilt that brought on more anxiety to the narrator at the end of the story. The narrator constantly speaks of how he is not mad; he constantly as the reader why would they think he is mad. â€Å"True

Digital Communication in Organizations-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Digital Communication in Organizations. Answer: Introduction Communication is a process that helps to transfer information and knowledge as well as it helps to build up understanding between two or more peoples. The organization is a place where a different type of people work together and it is essential for an organization to use proper communication strategy so that stable and healthy relationships among the employees can be visualized. Communication strategies have changed day by day and in the present digital era, digital communication is one of the best ways to communicate in an organization. This paper provides detail information about digital communication along with the Australian culture and use of digital communication in Australia. This paper also discusses in detail digital communication strategy, implementation of digital communication as well as advantages and disadvantages of using digital communication in an organization. Main Context Digital Communication Communication is an essential part of management function that helps employees and organization to be in a healthy relationship. Communication is carried out in many forms, like verbal communication, written communication, gesture communication and so on. In the present day where technologies have advanced very much, organizations also have started to use digital communication (Lapidoth, 2017). This digital communication is a process of transferring message and information with the help of technology and electronic devices. The most important part of this communication is Internet, websites, email, video meeting and all sorts of things that are used to exchange information by electronic machines. In previous years people used letters, phones as well as personal meeting to communicate but in present day with the changing world where people are mostly involved in social media and the internet is the best way to use digital communication in organizations (Duck, and McMahan, 2017). Digit al communication involves the process of instant messaging by the internet, group messaging, chatrooms, social media, internal blog, etc. This also plays an important role for a business as this help to communicate locally as well as overseas also. The uses of the internet, virtual meeting, video conferencing, email, etc all provide a vast network to communicate anyplace in the world (Viterbi, and Omura, 2013). This is the future of an organization and this help organization to develop as people are able to communicate effortlessly with each other throughout the world. Australian Culture Australia is a society of multi cultural where one can get Muslim, Buddhist, and Christians. Australian communicates in a very color full way and in the workplace they call each other by their names rather by greeting them as sir or madam. Australian like to communicate in the most straightforward way and for that their business meeting also did not continue for a prolonged time (Jensen, 2013). With the help of digital communication in their organization, they are able to perform more effectively than before. They like to work in a group and that is the reason they formed organization group while working and involves every employee in this group. This helps them to communicate with each other in a most effective way. Australian is very much intended to improve their production and motivate their employees so they use an innovative form of communication strategy which helps them to motivate their employees. A healthy communication is very much important to keep healthy relationships w ith employees and Australians are very much positive toward this type of communications (Cornelissen, and Cornelissen, 2017). Digital Communication Strategy to improve workplace Digital communication strategy or communication strategy in an organization is very helpful to motivate their employees, evaluate a working situation and make a proper plan for using digital strategy (Leonardi, 2013). This strategy actually helps employees to get connected with the organization and deliver their thoughts along with their issues directly to the organization. Different organizations from a different type of communication strategy and this are done after evaluating organization internal condition. Communication always helps to bind people together and allow working smoothly in a group. Some strategies that the organization can use are; using social media in an organization to communicate with employees, then forming organization group and performing instant message or group message, then by internal blogs of organization and much more. The organization has to select their strategy in such a way that this helps them to improve their productivity along with their organiza tion bond (Koles, and Nagy, 2014). Sometimes it is best for an organization to form organization group like the manager's group, then the entire managers have their own group with their team members and so on with the discussion forum as well as chatrooms in an organization. This helps to connect everyone directly with an organization and whatever issue they are facing or any message is directly sent to the group members (Beal, and Flynn, 2015). This strategy is best to implement in a workplace to improve productivity, motivate employees along with that improve communication in an organization. Implementing Digital Communication in the Workplace To implement digital communication in a workplace it is important that organization should use the internet (Colbert, 2016). For digital communication, the internet is most essential part as this help to communicate locally as well as overseas also. In implementing group messaging or instant messaging help employees to directly communicate with their boss or managers. In this type of group message, people are not allowed to message individually and this reduce negative and grouping mentality in a workplace, as everyone has to text in the official group and if anyone is having any type of issue then that will also be discussed in an official group message. Along with this group messaging, an organization can implement the process of video conferencing and online task. This will help to communicate with other organization of different country and also will enhance chances of performing a task at home for employees. |With the help of digital communication, all the employees will be to stay connected with organization every time rather they are in an organization or not. Implementing this type of communication in an organization is very helpful for every individual employee along with the organization (Georgakopoulou, and Spilioti, 2015). If employees are satisfied and motivated to upgrade their performance then the organization will also upgrade to one level. In the present day of the digital era, this communication system is a lifeline for an organization. This type of communication will also help to deliver work on time as well as deliver any information to the right person without any intermediate. For example; if a manager of a company wants to provide some news they do not need to say that to their department managers rather they have the ability to directly send a message to the entire employees of an organization. This is the power of digital communication in an organization. Advantages Disadvantages of Digital Communication Instant Messaging Advantages: This help to see a presence of official colleagues' for any instant situation help. This allows seeking help immediately from team members. Disadvantages: Most of the time people ignore busy notice for which they ping as well as disturbed others. People have to use there do not disturb option so that no one is able to message them. Email Advantages: This provides help to send message or files or task to one another or in a group. This can be operated from PC, Laptop or smartphones (Skovholt, 2014). Disadvantages: Maximum numbers of people use email if it is not necessary also. This is not an easy communication process as people have to wait a long time for a reply. Phone Advantages: This help to communicate verbally with anyone around the world. This provides help for employees to express their feelings and communicate easily with others. Disadvantages: Sometimes if the person is not available then leaving message is the last option for employees which is not actually a quick resolution for any problem. Sometimes the place is so noisy that making a call is the biggest challenge for the employees. Group Messaging Advantages: All the colleagues are able to communicate at a time, and if anyone wants to share some information they no need to message everyone differently. Helps to increase the bond between employees and enhance their performance to work in a group. Disadvantages: Sometimes it becomes difficult to share crucial information on group message. It is a time killing process as everyone will be texting and no one has time to read the entire message in the group. Video Conferencing Advantages: This allows person to communicate with each other visually without traveling. This enables to see the facial expression as well as people's reaction over the computer through the internet (Akaiwa, 2015). Disadvantages: This is a complicated process at some time as people feel awkward to communicate with this type of process. Conclusion Digital communications have many advantages as well as disadvantages also but this is considered as one of the best ways to communicate. This paper concludes that digital communication help to communicate within the least period of time and also this allows people to communicate anywhere in the world without traveling. This help to motivate employees and improve working condition of the firm as with these employees are able to connect directly with their managers and higher authorities in the organizations. Reference List Akaiwa, Y., 2015.Introduction to digital mobile communication. John Wiley Sons. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=y3xXCQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA543dq=Advantages+%26+Disadvantages+of+Digital+Communicationots=dxM0rSWz1nsig=JqUVCoW0tRdrXOunI3UBp1K3RLg#v=onepageqf=false https://muse.jhu.edu/article/665692/summary Beal, C.D., and Flynn, J., 2015. Toward the digital water age: Survey and case studies of Australian water utility smart-metering programs. Utilities Policy,32, pp.29-37. Retrieved from:https://muse.jhu.edu/article/665692/summaryhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957178714000976 Colbert, A., Yee, N., and George, G., 2016. The digital workforce and the workplace of the future. Academy of Management Journal,59(3), pp.731-739. Retrieved from:https://muse.jhu.edu/article/665692/summaryhttps://amj.aom.org/content/59/3/731.extract Cornelissen, J. and Cornelissen, J.P., 2017.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Retrieved from:https://muse.jhu.edu/article/665692/summaryhttps://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=Ju60DQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=digital+communication+in+organisationsots=eVfJ0iWd7Osig=atdKuQ0q2E2Hy0u13ZZHAEKQGC0#v=onepageq=digital%20communication%20in%20organisationsf=false Duck, S. and McMahan, D.T., 2017.Communication in Everyday Life: The Basic Course Edition with Public Speaking. SAGE Publications. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=StyqDQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Advantages+%26+Disadvantages+of+Digital+Communication+in+the+workplaceots=MFFo4DVYevsig=NECpvKORbnVhg0A-OQuH7DZmLJg#v=onepageq=Advantages%20%26%20Disadvantages%20of%20Digital%20Communication%20in%20the%20workplacef=false https://muse.jhu.edu/article/665692/summary Georgakopoulou, A. and Spilioti, T. eds., 2015.The Routledge handbook of language and digital communication. Routledge. Retrieved from:https://muse.jhu.edu/article/665692/summaryhttps://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=ofMsCgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=digital+communication+in+the+workplaceots=XObJBbsD6Esig=6n74IwqksFBuVV8bNBn-DVuC8Do#v=onepageq=digital%20communication%20in%20the%20workplacef=false Jensen, K.B. ed., 2013.A handbook of media and communication research: Qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Routledge. Retrieved from:https://muse.jhu.edu/article/665692/summaryhttps://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=uQLgCgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=digital+communication+in+organisationsots=SjJ_1auXhMsig=86ZzLrdI0edi62dDLvUEHGNxgaA#v=onepageqf=false Koles, B. and Nagy, P., 2014. Virtual worlds as digital workplaces: Conceptualizing the affordances of virtual worlds to expand the social and professional spheres in organizations.Organizational Psychology Review,4(2), pp.175-195. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2041386613507074 https://muse.jhu.edu/article/665692/summary Lapidoth, A., 2017.A foundation in digital communication. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from:https://muse.jhu.edu/article/665692/summaryhttps://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=6oTuDQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR16dq=Digital+communicationots=i-PLh7G7GUsig=P7H9vBkx03JrKQaekKUDZROa_SQ#v=onepageq=Digital%20communicationf=false Leonardi, P.M., Huysman, M. and Steinfield, C., 2013. Enterprise social media: Definition, history, and prospects for the study of social technologies in organizations.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,19(1), pp.1-19. Retrieved from:https://muse.jhu.edu/article/665692/summaryhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcc4.12029/full Skovholt, K., Grnning, A., and Kankaanranta, A., 2014. The Communicative Functions of Emoticons in Workplace E?Mails::?.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,19(4), pp.780-797. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcc4.12063/full https://muse.jhu.edu/article/665692/summary Viterbi, A.J., and Omura, J.K., 2013. Principles of digital communication and coding. Courier Corporation. Retrieved from:https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=oGbDAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Digital+communicationots=hKu3mNXNFXsig=gMDZg86VHxHmow96YXhGOV4K3XI#v=onepageq=Digital%20communicationf=false https://muse.jhu.edu/article/665692/summary

Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People Essay Example

Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People Essay R Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young people. A case study discussing the application and analysis of theories applicable to the psychological care of and child and their family. A case study discussing the application and analysis of theories applicable to the psychological care of and child and their family. I’m going to discuss a case study of a child named Jake. The name has been changed to comply with NMC confidentiality (Nursing and Midwifery Council 2012). Jake is four, and has been admitted to hospital due to a head injury. He also suffers from Asthma. The story behind this accident is vague and this family had previously contact with social services for child protection issues and the suspicion of abuse. This essay will consider the psychological effects this abuse may have on Jake; it will not discuss the actual reporting of the abuse. Jake is at an age where he requires psychological support and interaction to enable his development; Piaget demonstrated this though his Theory of Cognitive Development. Piaget believed that children go through a multiple number of stages of development and move from one stage to another once they achieve specific developmental milestones (Oakley 2004). This is backed up by Ericson’s stages of psychosocial development. He believed each stage of development has a specific conflict that the child has to overcome before moving to the next stage. If a child is unable to successfully overcome a particular conflict, the child will remain stuck at that stage until they are able to resolve that issue (Shaffer 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is thought that in order to move through these stages children need stimulation, encouragement and love from those around them. This will allow them build their trust, confidence and sense of security overall helping them successfully develop psychologically, in the form of social skills, cognitive and emotional development. In this case Jake may not have had the opportunity for this development due to possible neglect and abuse. He is less likely to be encouraged and may be anxious and insecure with a lack of trust in all adults. This means he may not thrive and will be ‘stuck’ at Piaget and Ericson’s development stages (Wadsworth 2004). There are many psychological theories and explanations that can be applied to this case with Jake, due to these disruptive and uneasy first few years of his life. Jake is very likely to have experienced a lot of stress. Stress can be defined as physical, mental, or emotional factor that affect the functioning of the body (Weller 2009). It becomes a problem when stress reactions are so severe that the child is unable to handle them effectively, which could apply to Jake. This stress experienced from abuse starts as a daily hassle, but can lead to more long term chronic stress (Thomas 2007). Jake is currently experiencing both types of stress, firstly due to the chronic stress of abuse and secondly the additional stress of coming into hospital. Being only four he is not old enough to manage stress or understand what he’s going though, therefore it’s likely to have a huge effect on him and his development as he can’t manage it effectively. At this age, this stress response allows the child to gain control in the short term yet not manage the long term stress. He is likely to express extreme behaviors in order to cope including, withdrawal, denial and impulsive acting out. These are defense mechanisms, which are ineffective in the long term, and lead to a more extreme way to cope, this could be shown by, panic, depression, self-harm and refusal to play with his peers (Kostelnik 1998). This is the type of coping mechanism a boy of Jake’s age is likely to express. Stress is said to be divided into three different ‘types. Positive stress, this is experienced in everyday life and is essential for development such as meeting new people or going to a new school. Tolerable stress causes more distress but is short lived, such as the death of a loved one. The third is toxic stress; this is what Jake is experiencing as a result of the abuse he is experiencing. If toxic stress is sustained over a long period of time the stress response system gets activated for the equivalent amount of time. This can lead to permanent changes in the development of the brain. Toxic stress is caused by abuse or neglect. (Shonkoff 2000). Biological Psychologists have also found a correlation between toxic stress and bodily development (National Scientific Council on the Developing Child 2004). Examples of this include impairment of the brain circuits, which can result in a smaller brain size, as well as the hormones released due to toxic stress damaging parts of the brain responsible for memory and learning. In Jakes case, this type of stress he is experiencing could influence his learning and development as he goes into adulthood, however, this is a correlation; cause and effect cannot be established (Middlebrooks 2008). Stress can have a large influence on the health of the child. A stressed child will firstly show outward signs of stress, these will include being upset, crying, whilst having little trust in adults. Stress is also likely to have an influence upon development including children’s physical, psychological, emotional well-being as well as their ability to concentrate and learn (Thomas 2007). Jake’s behavior shows that he is experiencing anxiety; so he is therefore expressing symptoms such as nausea, racing heart rate and muscle pain. It is known that the long term effects of anxiety can also influence his immune system, this is due to the levels of stress hormones released (Glaser 2008). His body is constantly in the ‘fight or flight’ mode, which is due to the level of stress hormone corticosteroids and adrenaline being released. This focuses the body’s attention away from systems, including the immune system, making him more susceptible to illness (Selye 1997). The physical abuse and limited nurturance that Jake is experiencing could also be linked to chronic impairment; this could explain why Jake has asthma. A study carried out by Coogan found childhood abuse causes stress that leads to â€Å"physiological consequences. † The stress of living in an abusive situation takes a toll on the body, specifically on the immune system and on airway development; this is evident in Jakes case (Coogan 2006). This stress is likely to also influence Jakes social development, which is an important development stage for a boy of Jakes age. If Jake has been neglected, his parents may have not helped him develop social skills and taught him how to interact with others, this will influence his speech development. When he starts school, this will have a big impact on his ability to interact with peers and teachers. It will also influence his ability to have friendships and learn to play with others as he is unable to interact with them. Jake is likely to get frustrated which could lead to signs of aggression as this is what he thinks is the ‘correct’ way to act towards others due to this early experience of abuse (Haskett 1999). Jakes role model will be his primary care givers of who are also likely to be his abusers. Even in this situation Jake will want to ‘be like’ these role models, unfortunately they are not showing him the correct way to behave. Their behaviors will be expressed by Jake too, which will lead to serious social problems. He will also be confused when he is told his behavior is not correct, as he doesn’t known any different, this can be frustrating for him and could lead to him becoming violent and in the long term effect his education (Smith 2004). As a result of Jakes poor development, he is likely to under-achieve in school and subsequently to have a low income as an adult. As a consequence of this he is also likely to have children at a very early age, and provide poor health care, nutrition and stimulation to his children, therefore contributing to poverty and further poor development. Research has also found that he is likely to demonstrate this abusive behavior onto his own children (World Health Organization 2009). The long-term effects of stress have been widely researched by psychologists. However, it is difficult to determine whether childhood stress was the route cause. The Nature/Nurture debate by Darwin is relevant to the impact of childhood experiences. Darwin questions whether the stress experienced during childhood lead to consequences in adulthood (Nurture) or if genetic makeup and traits have an impact (Nature) (Paris 2005). The long-term effects of stress were researched by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. They looked into the link between childhood stressors and adult health. They conducted a study on adverse childhood experiences (ACE), including abuse and neglect. They interviewed 170,000 participants and around one third stated they experienced an ACE during their childhood. The ACE Study uses the ACE Score; this calculated the total number of ACE respondents reported. The ACE Score is used to assess the total amount of stress during childhood as the number of ACE increase, the risk of health problems increases. Health problems include alcohol abuse, cardiac problems, depression and teenage pregnancy (Middlebrooks 2008). Children react to stress and learn to cope in many ways, including: defense mechanisms, such as denial, regression, withdrawal and impulsive acting-out. These stress responses can allow the child to temporarily gain a sense of control or balance. However, these defense mechanisms are generally not productive in the long-term and can lead to more serious stress responses, including, panic, self-harm and refusal to play with their peers (Kostelnik 1998). Therefore, support from the parents is necessary for children to learn how to respond to stress in a physically and emotionally healthy manner. Another appropriate theory in relation on Jake is attachment theory. This is referred to as the innate strong emotional bond between an infant and primary care giver (PCG), which is present in the long-term. Attachment is an important process, as children’s physical, emotional, and psychological development depends on attachments formed with the PCG. While the supply of food, clothing, and shelter is important, it is not enough to promote development. Loving care and attention are also needed if children are to grow into adults capable of forming healthy relationships with others. Attachment is the basis for a child’s understanding of themselves, the world and the people in it. This theory was developed by John Bowlby in 1969. This bond starts to form from birth and is usually with the child’s mother or father (Walker 2002). In the case of Jake, he is less likely to have formed this type of attachment with his parents. Children who have been abused have usually also experienced neglect and rejection. They have not formed the emotional bond due to not receiving positive care and attention from them, as they are punished or hurt by the people they spend most of their time with. Chronic experiences like this result in fear and insecurity, which then undermine the child’s ability to form attachment, as well as the child linking the attachment figure to pain and injury (Prior 2006). The attachment bond has several key elements. Attachment is turning to PCG to protect us and to manage our feelings, fears, anxieties, and distress as well as being a ‘safe base’. The loss or threat of loss of the person evokes distress. This first bond is thought by psychologists to form a working framework for future relationships. A successful relationship with the PCG during infancy will affect future relationships, whereas a poor relationship with the PCG during infancy is linked to emotional and behavioral problems later in life (Perry 2010). Mary Ainsworth looked into Bowlbys Attachment theory in more depth; she divided attachment up into different types and studied the effect this had on their psychological health and relationship formation, as well as how children responded to their PCG. The study involved observing children between the ages of 12 to 18 months responding to a situation in which they were briefly left alone and then reunited with their mother (Ainsworth, 1978). Ainsworth concluded that there were three major styles of attachment: secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment. These early attachment styles have an influence upon behaviors in later life (Colin 2000). In the case with Jake, he is likely to be in the category of insecure-avoidant attachment to his PCG. In the strange situation an insecure-avoidant child will fail to develop any feelings of security from the attachment figure. Accordingly they exhibit difficulty moving away from the attachment figure to explore surroundings. When distressed they are difficult to soothe and are not comforted by the PCG. This is due to the extreme lack of trust in the PCG as well as not getting responsive, nurturing, consistent care in the early weeks and months of their lives They don’t know how to receive this reassuring care in a distressing situation, which is how Jake is likely to respond in this situation (Crittenden 2001). However this study was in an artificial environment so has low ecological validity, as well as it only showing the attachment towards one PCG, whom may not be the main attachment figure, the unusual environment may influence the child’s behavior also. For Jake multiple problems are likely to arise due to this disordered attachment in early life. Some issues are obvious such as development delays, such as language development, social behaviors and cognitive development, this is due to the early bond between child and PCG is not present which is a vital for development. Emotional functioning is usually also disordered in abused children, they maybe ‘too loving’ and hug virtual strangers, this is likely to be ‘safety seeking’ behavior to try to avoid further abuse (McPherson 2002). Children also mirror adult behavior. In this case of abused children, such as Jake, the children learn that this behavior is the ‘correct’ way to interact with others, causing problems in current and future social encounters. Another major problem with these children is aggression; this is thought to be due to lack of empathy and poor impulse control. Children like Jake do not understand others have feelings and the impact their actions may have on others. They are also likely to hurt animals, smaller children and siblings due to wanting the hurtful control their PCG has over them (Kail 2006). Based on current evidence, it is important that when children like Jake come into the healthcare setting they receive the appropriate care both physically and emotionally to make sure they are safe and their experience of coming into hospital causes as little distress as possible. Empathy and consideration should be expressed by the nurses looking after him. They need to meet his needs yet be careful ad he is likely to be hostile and have a lack of trust in any adults. He is also going to be unable to verbalize his feelings as well as adults can, due to not having their words to describe his fears and worries. Nurses need to take this into account and use different ways to allow Jake to discuss his worries, for example though play. Jake is also unable to take positive action towards managing stress when it arises, nurses should strive to relive this stress wherever possible and offer initiatives such as counseling to the children like Jake to help reduce this stress. Whilst Jake is in hospital it is important to reassure him he isn’t being punished for being ill. He may think that he has done something wrong, which is why he has been taken from his home and adults may be hurting him by the forms of injections and medication. This needs to be explained to Jake, so he gains trust in the medical staff, this can be done by making his time in hospital enjoyable and getting him involved. A new initiative has also been realized which teaches healthcare staff how to recognize children who come in suffering from abuse or neglect. This will help them build up a better picture of what is happening in the child’s life so they can alert social services if they think something might be wrong (Poulter 2012). In conclusion Jake’s situation has raised many psychological concerns about how his development is being influenced by his abusive relationship with his parents. This stress he is experiencing and the complicated attachment he has to his parents could also lead onto other psychological problems such as depression, social problems and maybe even become a risk to his health as well as extensive development problems. Nurses should work as part of a multi-disciplinary team with social services and Jakes parents to help protect Jake and his future. Ainsworth (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Solution. New Jersey: Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication . p. 45. Colin (2000). Human Attachment. 2nd ed. London: Temple University Press. p. 47-48. Crittenden. (2001). Child maltreatment and attachment theory. Available: http://www. patcrittenden. com/include/docs/Crittenden_Ainsworth_1989. pdf. Last accessed 25th March 2013. Haskett (1999). Social interactions and peer perceptions of young physically abused children.. North Carolina : Medline. p. 14. http://www. cdc. gov/ncipc/pub-res/pdf/childhood_stress. pdf Kail (2006). Human Development- A life span view. 6th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth. p. 6-9. Kostelnik (1998). Guiding childrens social development. New York: Delmar Publishers . p. 49. McPherson. (2002). A literature review of the psychological effects of child maltreatment. Available: http://www. cyc-net. org/cyc-online/cycol-0302-mcpherson. html. Last accessed 25th March 2013. Middlebrooks. (2008). he Effect of Stress on Brain Development in Childhood. The Effects of Childhood Stress on Health Across the Lifespan. 1 (2), p3-4. National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2004). Young Children Develop in an Environment of Relationships: Working Paper 1. http://www. developingchild. harvard. edu Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2012). Confidentiality. Available: http://www. nmc-uk. org/Nurses-and-midwives/Advice -by-topic/A/Advice/Confidentiality/. Last accessed 11th March 2013. Oakley . (2004). Piagets theory of cognitive development . In: Flanagan and Banyard Cognative Development . Sussex: Routledge. p. 13-20. Paris (2005). Nature and Nurture in Psychology. London: British Library Cataloging in Publication Data . p16. Patrica Coogan. (2006). Abuse During Childhood Linked to Adult-Onset Asthma. Available: http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2012/12/121207133240. htm. Last accessed 7th March 2013. Perry. (2010). What is Attachment. Bonding and Attachment in Maltreated Children. 1 (2), p. 3. Poulter. (2012). New child abuse alert system for hospitals . Available: http://www. dh. gov. uk/health/2012/12/abuse-alert-system/. Last accessed 25th March 2013. Prior (2006). Understanding Attachment Attachment Disorders. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 35-40. Ronald Glaser (2008). Human Stress Immunity. London: Academic Press. p. 189. Selye. (1997). Psychology and Stress. Available: http://www. guidetopsychology. com/stress. htm. Last accessed 7th March 2013. Shaffer. (2005). Ericsons Stages Of Development. In: Sordi and LeedsSocial and Personality Development. 6th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth. p. 41-46. Shonkoff. (2000). Preventing Toxic Stress In Children. Available: http://www. project-syndicate. org/commentary/preventing-toxic-stress-in-childr

6 Disappeared LinkedIn® Partner Applications and What to Do About Them †Part II Amazon Reading List

6 Disappeared LinkedIn ® Partner Applications and What to Do About Them – Part II Amazon Reading List Are you an avid reader? It used to be that you could share your passion easily on LinkedIn with the Amazon Reading List application. With the disappearance of LinkedIn partner applications came the elimination of this option. Amazon Reading List was a valuable way to let people know what type of professional development you were engaged in, as well as to round yourself out as a human being (read any good novels lately?) Many people are wondering how to include a reading list on LinkedIn now that the old method has vanished. I was fortunate to have one of my fellow LinkedIn authors, Patrick Gallagher, (LinkedIn Secrets Revealed) do some research on this topic. He wrote to Amazon and received the following email: Thank you for using Reading List by Amazon and for your patience as we’ve worked to make your book information available after LinkedIn deprecated their application program. Your Reading List information has been preserved and is available for import on Shelfari.com. Shelfari is an Amazon-owned site that helps you keep track of the books you’ve read and are reading, discover new books and interact with other readers. Go to https://www.shelfari.com/addbooks. You can sign in to Shelfari using your Amazon account (or your existing Shelfari account). If you’re already a member, click â€Å"Import Books† from the Your Shelf drop-down on the home page. Click the â€Å"Import Books† from the Your Shelf drop down or go directly to: https://www.shelfari.com/addbooks and you will be guided through importing your books and reviews to your Shelfari bookshelf. I followed these instructions and the process was pretty straightforward. I went to the link provided, www.shelfari.com/addbooks, and created an account. I then entered the same link again and was brought to this screen: When I clicked on IMPORT next to Import Your LinkedIn Reading List, all I had to do was provide my LinkedIn password and my reading list showed up in Shelfari! I then clicked on the Account Settings tab and customized my Shelfari link: Now that I have a link, I can add it to my LinkedIn Profile using the new platform. Here’s how to add a link in the new LinkedIn: In the Summary section, click on the blue box with a + sign in the corner. You will be brought to a box where you can paste a link: After you paste the link, you can provide a title and description: Unfortunately, there’s a small glitch. When I clicked on the link, the following screen appeared: I had to click on Read Original to get to the actual Shelfari list, which looks like this: In Shelfari, you can add books you have read or that you are reading, rate them and review them. I won’t give a tutorial on the website since I think you can figure it out by poking around! If this all seems too complicated, you can do as Patrick Gallagher did and add the Projects section to your profile. You can then create a â€Å"project† called â€Å"Amazon Kindle Book Reading List† or something similar, and list your books there. Here’s Patrick’s list: Another option would be to create a document with your list of books and upload it to Box.net. You can then add a link to the Box.net file on your LinkedIn profile. I will cover more about Box.net in my next entry of this series. Stay tuned, and happy reading! Want to read How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile on Kindle? Curious about Patricks book? Check it out here: Category:Archived ArticlesBy Brenda BernsteinJanuary 28, 2013 2 Comments Laveda says: June 24, 2014 at 7:27 am The nerd in me was thoroughly excited to read this article because the Amazon Reading List was one of my favorite LinkedIn apps and I was a little dishearten to see it wasnt there anymore. Thank you for finding other options to provide a reading list. Ill definitely add one later this week. In all honesty, I enjoyed viewing my LinkedIn network readings on my news feed. That I will always miss. Laveda Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: June 24, 2014 at 8:16 am Thanks for your comment Laveda. With LinkedIns new Publishing platform, you should once again have easy access to educational content from your network! Log in to Reply

Work, Organizations and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Work, Organizations and Society - Essay Example Professional autonomy suggests that professionals are responsible to themselves for the services they offer. A profession is distinguished by initial and sustained education, an association created a set of codes, and accreditation procedures. Professional autonomy is based on three points: the high degree of control and influence on others, the fact that professionals define the problems on which they work, and the criterion that professionals are self-directed learners (Davis 1996, p. 443). The assumption that professional autonomy is based on control and influence is supported by the notion of professionals as experts. Employed professionals such as engineers, state attorneys and accountants, to name but a few, argue that their status as employees retracts their autonomy essential to be true professionals (Davis 1996, p. 441). Others such as physicians and nurses are subjected to several legal limitations and provisions that significantly limit their absolute professional autonomy . Professionals strive to attain as much autonomy as possible and employ several measures to establish their professional autonomy but are faced by different principal limitations to attaining their independence. Professionals attempt to establish their autonomy by forming various professional organizations, which socially and legally grant them autonomy, and significant control of their profession’s activities and practice free from external interference. These organizations define the requirements an individual needs to join a given profession, the nature and length of training, status, pay, expertise and code of ethics. These characteristics of professions, which are said to distinguish them from other occupations, derive from their autonomy. Consequently, they achieve considerable professional autonomy by claiming to be self-regulating, wrapping themselves in their cloaks of competence and repulsing that nonprofessional managers are qualified to challenge their profession al judgment. In one empirical study on healthcare professionals, including all kind of physicians and specialists from different medical specialty areas, findings indicate that some unique and professional characteristics confers more professional autonomy to them than to paraprofessionals and non-professionals (Kilic et al. 2007, p 159). Paraprofessional group, such as medical assistants, owns only partial professional knowledge and skills while non-professionals are just prepared to engage in running clerical, office work and administrative duties (Kilic et al. 2007, p. 160). Due to their strong organizations, healthcare professionals try to support the factors that strengthen their professional autonomy and resist the factors that may erode it. For instance, the study indicates that health professionals are unenthusiastic to make use of clinical IT potentials to improve health care delivery and efficiency (Walter & Lopez 2008, p. 11). This is due to privileges healthcare professi onals have over non-professionals and paraprofessionals. Legal privileges create a protected market for health care professionals and are the basis for autonomy and self-direction. Non-professionals are a threat to professional autonomy. Autonomy will only be found where a profession can control the production and application of skill and knowledge in its work. Autonomy will not be found if people outside the profession can understand, criticize and evaluate the work. According Chau and Hu (2002, p. 34) in another related research, a feature of clinical IT can be considered as threatening factors to healthcare professional autonomy. The factor is the level of knowledge codification and knowledge distribution conducted by a

Gestational diabetes and implementation Orem self-care model Research Paper

Gestational diabetes and implementation Orem self-care model - Research Paper Example Insulin resistance in pregnant women is an adaptive change that ensures delivery of glucose from the mother’s system to the fetus. According to Wada et al. (2010), placental hormones, such as placental growth hormone and progesterone, increases the activity of p85 in the 3T3-L1 found in adipose cells; and inactivates the second messenger system responsible for insulin response. Unhealthy eating habits, such as too much sugar in the diet, can cause glucose to accumulate in the mother’s blood; and prolong its clearance from the system eventually leading to gestational diabetes. The complications associated with GDM include: preeclampsia--blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and protein in the urine; preterm labor; and increased risk of infection. GDM effects on the baby include: macrosomia (birth weight of 4000 to 4500 g); neonatal hypoglycemia; jaundice; calcium or magnesium imbalance; and stillbirth. Health Issue â€Å"Each year, nearly 135,000 American women develop type 2 diabetes while they are pregnant...even though their blood sugar levels were normal before pregnancy† (Metzger, 2006, p. 243). ... The complications associated with gestational diabetes can jeopardize the health of the mother and the fetus; and can lead to death. Macrosomic infants are predisposed to shoulder dislocation and suffocation while the probability that the mother will have to undergo emergency caesarean section is increased (Vidarsdottir, Geirsson, Hardardottir, Valdimarsdottir, & Daqbjartsson, 2011). According to Ekabua et al. (2005), perinatal mortality rate is highest in infants weighing 4.0 to 4.4 kg (4000 to 4400 g), as well as in macrosomic babies delivered via caesarean section. Cause of death includes obstructed labor, which cut-off the oxygen supply to the fetus and ruptured uterus that cause the mother to hemorrhage as well as cut-off the oxygen supply to the fetus (Ekabua et al., 2005). According to Thadhani (2009), gestational diabetes and preeclampsia are linked to a high incidence and a high death rate during pregnancy and increases the woman’s predisposition to develop diabetes a nd cardiovascular diseases after pregnancy. Planned Intervention Prenatal care ensures that the pregnant woman and the fetus are healthy for the entire duration of the pregnancy. Prenatal care allows the obstetrician to detect early signs of pregnancy-induced complications, especially gestational diabetes and prevent it from causing untoward effects to the mother, as well as the fetus. Due to the increasing incidence of gestational diabetes, Leu and Zonszein (2010) suggests that early screening of all pregnant women, unless categorized under the low risk group, should be employed by health care providers. Glucose tolerance test should be administered between the 24th and 28th weeks of pregnancy, or earlier if gestational diabetes has occurred in past

Health And Safety In Metal Workshops Environmental Sciences Essay

Health And Safety In Metal Workshops Environmental Sciences Essay According to the ILO, some 2.3 million workers around the world die due to work-related accidents or diseases every year. That is an average of around 6000 deaths daily. There are also around 340 million cases of occupational accidents and 160 million victims of work-related illnesses each year and frequent estimates have show an increase of accidents and ill health. 1.1 Health and safety in metal workshops Metal works has proved to be a necessity in the manufacturing, construction and other such industries. Since prehistoric times till this modern era, metalwork has evolved into a massive industry and gained a large influence on the global economy. Metals are used in a huge range of products in this modern time. Their use is largely dependent on their properties. For example aluminium is used in manufacturing of automobiles, whereas iron is used in the construction sector. In this modern world, no one can say that he does not have a piece of metal at home or has never been in need for some metal work at any occasion. Metal consumption in the world, as the other resources is rising rapidly. This is due to the growth in population and rising wealth (Norgate T.E and Rankin W.J, 2002). This increase in demand has led to an increase in the number of metal workshops around the globe. Its effect can also be felt in Mauritius. Metal workshops have grown up like mushrooms all around the island, to meet the demand of the market for more metal works. How many people have ever wondered how and in what conditions metal work is being performed? Most formal enterprises abide by the current legislations governing the health and safety in Mauritius, the Occupational Safety and Health Act 2005 also known as the OSHA-2005 and its other relevant regulations. The employers make use of good safety and health practices and this has been proved to be an enriching experience. The has been considerable decrease in the number of absenteeism and number of accidents, resulting in less money loss in terms of non-payment of injury leaves, compensation, work days lost and any other legal suits. In Mauritius, there are many small metal workshops. Those are operated by people having little or no concept of health and safety at work. The workers are often working alone and in some cases students are employed to work during school holidays. The people working therein are more concerned about having their salary at the end of the month with giving much attention to their personal safety, but what would happen if the latter is injured or if they become so ill due to exposure to any substance that become bed ridden or even die? What would be the impact on the latters family? 1.2 Wastes in metal workshops During machining in a metal workshop waste is generated. Most of the waste is from the raw material which is the metal being fabricated. The metal wastes that are generated vary greatly in form. They have different shapes and sizes ranging from large unusable pieces of metal to dust particles. Other sources of wastes are used oil, grease, wood, chemicals, paint containers, grinding discs, used electrodes (from arc-welding), solvents and other office products such as paper. Accumulation of these may pose as a hazard to health and safety of the workers present in the workshop and also affect the environment. 1.3 Problem statement: The alarming rise in the number of accidents in working environment shows some lacking in the management of health and safety at the workplace. A metal workshop is a place full of hazards and if precautionary measures are not taken, these may result in incidents or accidents. Also if wastes are not being managed properly, it may cause harm to the environment and for the enterprise itself it is money lost in terms of unused material and it requires a place to be disposed of. Some employers have no idea about how to dispose of the materials and in informal sectors some enterprises dump all the wastes that are not taken by the municipal waste carriers. 1.4 Aims: The study will firstly provide an analysis of how health and safety is being managed in metal workshops and will provide remedial measures so as to decrease the number of accidents. The second purpose of the study is to give an understanding of how wastes from metal workshops are being managed and to provide recommendations so as to improve the efficiency in the waste management practices. It will focus mainly on the wastes generated in the metal workshops only. 1.5 Objectives: Identify the sources of health and safety hazards, wastes Identify the impacts of health and safety hazards on the employees and, waste on the environment Identify how the health and safety and, wastes are being managed Assess the level of awareness related to Health and safety, and Waste management Evaluation of health and safety management and, waste management Provide recommendation on better ways to manage health and safety and, waste management Chapter two 2.0 Literature review 2.1 What is health and safety? Health and safety is basically the provision and maintenance of a safe and sound working environment. 2.2 Health and safety in the informal sector For this study, safety and health in metal workshops can be classified as part of the informal sector. The ILO introduced the concept of informal sector around 25 years ago. In 1972, an ILO employment mission report in Kenya found that migration from countryside to cities resulted in urban unemployment. This is the reason why rural migrants and urban dwellers find employment in the small scale and micro-level production and distribution of goods and services. These largely unrecognised, unrecorded and unregulated small-scale activities constitute the informal sector. According to the ILO, the informal can be characterised as a range of economic units in the urban areas, which are mainly operated and owned either in partnership with members of the same family or by individuals alone. It employs one or more employees on a continuous basis in addition to unpaid family worker and/or casual workers. The employer-employee relationship is often not in written and informal with no or little appreciation of workers rights industrial relations. The works performed are mainly labour intensive and require low-level skills. Typically they operate on a small-scale with no or very little level of organisation. They are engaged in the production and distribution of goods and services with main objective of generating employment and basic income. In Mauritius, all organisations that are known and registered as forming part of the formal sector, have to comply with the norms and procedures established for them by the different authorities. They are subjected to regular inspections by the various institutes to monitor their level of compliance and in case of abnormalities; they may subjected to fines and other types of penalties. On the other hand, unregistered organisations form part of the informal sector. So, you can imagine that the small metal workshop at the corner of the street where you live forms part of the informal sector and its existence may not even be known to the authorities. Have you ever thought about how many such workshops are in Mauritius? The number of persons working therein and the level of safety? 2.3 The norms Section 5 of the OSHA-2005 stipulates that an employer has the responsibility to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable the safety, health and welfare at work of all his employees. It also includes the following; The employer shall provide and maintain a working environment and any plant or system of work and ensure that any place of work is under his control, including access and egress therein. He should ensure the safety and health of the workers during use, handling, storage or transportation or materials and substances. He should provide and maintain facilities and arrangements for the welfare at work of his employees. He should ensure the provision of information, instruction, training and supervision as required for the safety and health of the employees. He shall also ensure that any person not in his employment is not exposed to any risk to his safety and health. Section 13 of the OSHA-2005 stipulates that any self-employed person shall conduct his work in such a way so as to ensure the health and safety of his workers and any other persons who may be affected. 2.4 Compliance with the norms The creation of a safe working environment starts by oneself. Health and safety is present in Mauritius but was not paid a heed few years ago because many persons were not even aware of its existence. It is now that people are becoming more aware about it. Non-compliance with OSHA-2005 means contravention and is an offence which is punishable by Law. According to the Act, any offence under the Act may be punished by a fine of not more than Rs.75, 000 and an imprisonment of not more than one year. Although the terms of the Act are set out in simple English, it is very difficult to implement it as requires heavy investments and the employer become less willing to invest because they find it annoying and not profitable to abide by set standards. The registered enterprises are frequently visited by relevant authorities that see to it that the norms are being respected. 2.5 Metal fabrication process Metal fabrication processes involve raw materials and range of tools to give shape to desired metal products. These processes can be categorized into cold, warm and hot working based on the temperature they are being processed. Hot working is the process that depends on control heat applied to change the physical properties of the metal piece and cold working is the application of direct physical pressure (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1995). Metals are present in the daily basic objects such as paper clips, computers, bolts, nails, and automobile parts, parts used for instruments and machinery and numerous other products and to transform metals in these objects, metals pass through a series of manufacturing procedures such as cutting, forming, and finishing, bending, punching, drilling, turning, grinding and threading. (Johnson, 2008) The main procedures in metal fabrication are as follows: 2.5.1 Metal Forming Forging: is the process of working metal with applying force to give shape to the metal, this include the use of forging hammer or drop hammer, press forging, forging machine such as drop hammer, screw press, crank press, hydraulic press. Rolling: is the process whereby compressive force is applied on long metalwork to reduce the thickness its cross section, this cane be done either by hot rolling or cold rolling procedures. Extrusion: is the process where high pressure is used to force a metal block or billet to flow through o die orifice whereby the metal is reduced in cross section. Extrusion is used to give cylindrical shaped or hollow bars of metal. The amount of forced required during the process is huge so metals are generally hot extruded. Bending: is a flexible process to deform metal changing its shape, the metal is stressed beyond the yield force but lesser than its tensile strength which is done by of applying force through hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical machines.   Spinning: is a process that produces rotationally symmetrical hollow parts, hemispheres, cones and cylinders shapes. Generally metal spinning is a cold process done by manual, automated or hydraulic equipment. 2.5.2 Shearing Conventional shearing: is the process used to cut straight lines on flat metal sheet stock. Turret Punching: is a Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) process use to make hole in metal sheet. This is a cold process where the metal properties are unchanged since they are not exposed to thermal impact. 2.5.3 Material Removal Sawing: is the process whereby a tool with tooth blade is use to cut metal. This is a basic way of cutting metals into desired pieces and with time the simple handsaw has been designed into different saws such as horizontal band saws, vertical band saws, pivot arm band saws, plate/block band saws, steel circular saws, non ferrous circular saws, and power hacksaws. Turning: is the process where the diameter is reduced by removal of the outer part of a rotating metal work piece. Drilling: is the process to pierce hole in metal work piece n accordance to the specification of the desired bore or ream. Milling: is the process where a rotating cutter is use to cut the metal which is fed against the rotating cutter. Grinding: is the process whereby there is removal of metal by abrasion from bar or billet stock surfaces. 2.5.4 Advance Methods Laser cutting: is the process where metal is vaporized in a well defined area; the cutting source is very small which allows small cut widths. The laser beam can be use to cut very hard or abrasive metals and is very cost effective since there is a low operating and maintenance cost. Waterjet Machining: in this process a water jet cutter is used as tool to slice metal with a jet of water under a high velocity and pressure. The cutter is generally place at the nozzle where water will be ejected under high pressure, bombarding the metal cutting it with the high water speed. Electrical Discharge Machining(EMD): is the process which is also known as spark erosion, whereby electrical energy is used to remove metal this result in shapes that cannot be produced by other machining process on thin metal piece. Wire Discharge Machining (WEMD): is a more precise process of cutting metal where electrical energy and a small diameter cooper or brass wire is used. Generally it is a computer numerically controlled (CNC) process. 2.5.5 Welding and Joining Arc Welding: is the process where a welding power is established between an electrode the metal that need to be welded. During welding a shielding gas (inert or semi inert gases) or filler metals are used as a protection. The fusion process takes place to bond the desired parts of metals by high intense heat, whereby the metals melt on heating to mix together and on cooling they solidify to form a metallurgical bond. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW): in this process a stick welding is used which is coated whit flux that produces the gas shield as protection. Here also the fusion of the metal is done by melting produced by the heat of the arc between the coated electrode and the metal piece. Laser Beam Welding (LBW): is the process whereby metals are radiated by a concentrated beam of coherent light to melt the desired parts. As in arc welding it is protected by inert gases. Gas-metal Arc welding(GMAW)or (MIG) : a process which is mostly known as Metal Inert Gas welding done with the use of a wire and electrode where a an electric arc is generated to melt the wire to feed the weld puddle. A flow of inert gas is use as shield. Fluxed cored Arc welding (FCWA): the process commonly known as fluxed cored uses a long continuous solid wire incorporated in the welding gun. The wire is coated with flux that produces the arc, additives to weld and slag. The shield is a mixture of carbon dioxide and inert gas and large amount of fume is produced. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW): the process involve the use of tungsten electrode to produce the electric arc. In this process the electrode is not consumed as in (SMAW). The gas shielding is a mixture of argon and helium and no metal filler may be use. Electroslag Welding (ESW): in this process the joining of the metal is done by passing electric current in a molten conductive slag that heat up the filler and metal. This process is generally use to join very thick metal 2.6 Health effects Hazardous materials are likely to be found in a metal fabrication. These can directly or indirectly affect the health of the workers either by contact or absorption in the body. Moreover when assessing the potential health effects with those materials that the workers are exposed to, it is important to understand the difference between toxicity and hazards. 2.6.1 Toxicity: Toxicity is the ability of a particular substance to produce an unwanted effect when the chemical has reached a sufficient concentration at a certain part of the body. 2.6.2 Hazards: Hazards is the possibility that this concentration of the chemical in the body will likely to occur. However, a material can be very dangerous but not hazardous to its exposure. It all depend whether it is properly handled and not contacting with the body. On the other side, a material can be low toxic but very hazardous to health and safety. 2.7 Routes of entry: The four common routes of entry are as follows: Inhalation via respiratory track Skin contact via dermal contact Ingestion through the digestive system Injection 2.7.1 Inhalation via respiratory track: It is a situation where the body is taking materials in the body by breathing. This is the most common mean by which chemical particles enter the body. These contaminants are likely to have both acute and chronic effects. Breathing in of these toxic substances in most cases is likely to cause damage to the mucous membrane of the mouth, throat, lungs and circulatory system. These can happen for example during welding where fumes are generated. 2.7.2 Skin contact via dermal contact: The skin is known to be the largest organ of the human body and provides protection against radiation, heat and abrasion and acts as a barrier to chemicals and bacteria. Skin contact is known as the primary route of entry into the body. Contact with hazardous substances may damage the skin. There are a number of conditions that may be caused by exposure to the different substances ranging from minor irritations to ulceration and cancer. 2.7.3 Ingestion through the digestive system: This is the least common type of exposure in occupational environment, but can happen as a due to carelessness or poor personal hygiene i.e. when the workers eat or drink in the workplace or without washing their hands. In metal workshops the workers are likely to ingest the metal particles that can be found on their hands or deposited on their food. 2.7.4 Injection: This occurs when substances are absorbed directly through cuts or injury with contaminated sharp objects. In metal workshops cuts and bruises are most likely to happen during handling of the materials. In most cases, these small incidents are normally not taken into consideration due to its nature as the works are not affected by it, but the danger is that by not taking care of it, an infection may occur having significant impact on the workers health, hence affecting work as well. 2.8 Physical hazards 2.8.1 Noise Sound is a vibration that can be perceived by ear similarly noise is perceived by the ear but as an unwanted sound. A more appropriate definition noise is any disturbance produced within a range of frequency (NIOSH, 1991). Noise arises during most activity done by human, when measuring the impact on human health noise is categorized under occupational noise or environmental noise (WHO, 2004). Noise is generated by almost every equipment, machine or tool used in metal fabrication industry example motors, gears, belts and pulleys, point of operation during cutting, welding and vibrations of footing and equipments or piece of metal being worked. Noise can be controlled by being in line to the hierarchy of control, in first instance by good maintenance of machines, equipments and tools and by applying engineering controlled such as isolation, stabilizing and damping. To further reduce noise segregation control may be opted so that a minimum number of employees may be affected, the equipments may be enclosed so as much of noise is absorbed or reflected within barriers. Hearing protection equipment may be provided to employees depending on the nature of the operations such as protection for metal grinder, welding and sheet metal fabrication. Last but not the least it is the management responsibility to ensure and implement an effective hearing conservation program. ( AmTrust Fi nancial, n.d) 2.8.2 Heat stress Heat stress is said to be a serious type of physical hazard that should be considered in metal workshops especially during summer seasons. It occurs when workers do some operations in high air temperatures, high humidity or when they are having physical contact with hot objects. While working in these conditions, workers have to wear protective clothing which is likely to cause heat stress. (Reese, C.D, 2001) 2.8.3 Cold stress According to NIOSH, cold stress arises when workers who are expose to cold or working in a cold environment. When temperature goes down, thus the body maintains its temperature by reducing blood flow through the skin. The most extreme effect that the workers may get is on the extremities (fingers, toes, earlobes and nose).when fingers become cold they become numb and insensitive and this may increased the possibility of having accidents in the workplace.(Reese,C.D,2001) 2.8.4 Radiation Radiation can be classified according to the effects that it produced to the matter. There two types of radiation which are ionizing and non ionizing. (ILO, n.d)Ionizing radiation is produced by high voltage devices which can be present in metal workshops which can affect the workers. (NIOSH.n.d). Non ionizing radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation that can have various effect on the body, which depend on the on the particular wavelength of the radiation being involved. (Reese, C.D, 2001) 2.8.5Vibration Vibrating tools and the equipment that are being used at frequencies between 40 and 90 hertz can cause damage to the circulatory and the nervous systems. One of the most common Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) results from vibration is the Raynauds Syndrome. It is the most common symptoms leading to numbness and tingling in the finger that is the skin turns pale, ashen and cold, and thus this leads to eventual loss of sensation and the control in the fingers and hands. (Reese, C.D, 2001) 2.8.6 Confine space In 1979, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published a Criteria Document providing recommendations for working in confined spaces where it defines confine space as a space where the design has limited openings for the entry as well as for the exit. The examples of confine space are tunnel, manhole, utility vaults, storage tanks and silos. There are different fatalities that may occur in a confine space where death may occur from different causes such as asphyxiation, the inhalation of toxic gases or vapors, drowning, falling, from explosions, or contact with either mechanical or electrical energy. 2.9 Ergonomic hazards Working posture is very important when workers are doing their jobs in a workplace. Poor working posture is said to be an ergonomic hazards as it can cause fatigue, discomfort and injury risk in the working environment when workers are doing repetitive work, the use of force and also the duration of the work. Some examples are outstretched arms, twisting, and fixed postures. (HSE, n.d). 2.10 Biological hazards Biological hazards include vermin, insects, molds, fungi, viruses, and bacterial contaminants. Workers may get infections and parasitic diseases when they are exposed to insects or by drinking contaminated water. Dusts present in the metal workshops may contain many kinds of allergenic materials that can affect their health. (Reese, C.D, 2001) 2.11 Chemical hazards Chemical hazards arise from the excessive airborne concentrations of mists, vapors, gases or solids that are present in the form of dusts and fumes. These can be source of danger to the body for example these materials may act as skin irritants or may be toxic by absorption through the skin.(Reese,C.D,2001) In metal workshops there are metal fluids that are used for some kind of processes. There are different kinds of oil product which are used in metal workshops. 2.12 Other types of hazards 2.12.1 Electrical hazards Electricity has long been recognized as a serious workplace hazard, exposing employees to electric shock, electrocution, burns, fires, and explosions. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States, in 1999, 278 workers died from electrocutions at work, which accounts for almost 5 percent of all on-the-job fatalities that year. Thus, they relate that most of these fatalities could have been easily avoided. 2.12.2 Mechanical hazards Mechanical hazards are created by the powered operation of apparatus or tools. The applied power which is applied can be of either electrical or human.( Holt, Rinehart and Winston, n.d) Machinery, its parts, tools, objects and materials processed or used in the work process are often said to be a source of mechanical hazards leading to severe injuries. Machinery, along with power supply systems, can also create electrical hazards, leading to severe or fatal accidents. 2.13 Hierarchy of control The occupational safety and health administration requires employers to protect their employees from workplace hazards such as machines, work procedures, and hazardous substances that can cause injury or illnesses. There are different ways that are used to control hazards. 2.13.1 Elimination Elimination of the hazard is the most effective means to control the hazard in the workplace. Thus, in the workplace it is important to remove the dangerous machines to ensure a proper working environment for the workers. (Work Cover NSW, 2010) 2.13.2 Substitution It is the second most effective way to control the hazard present in the workplace by replacing the dangerous equipment with a safer one. If there is an existing process, major changes in equipment and procedures may be required to eliminate or substitute for a hazard. (NIOSH, n.d) 2.13.3 Engineering control Engineering controls are used to remove a hazard present in the workplace or place a barrier between the worker and the hazard. (NIOSH, n.d).There is safety guards that are present to protect the workers while using dangerous machines. (Work Cover NSW, 2010) 2.13.4 Administrative control It is used to control the hazard through the administrative directives. (Reese C.D, 2001). In the workplace the workers are trained how to use the machines safely and precautions need to be taken when operating dangerous machinery. 2.13.4 Personal protective equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE) is the last resort that can be used in the workplace. There are variety of devices and garments that are used to protect the workers from injuries. There are PPE that are designed to protect the eyes, face, head, ears, feet, hands ,arms and the whole body.(Reese,C.D,2001) 3.0 What is waste? According to the Basel Convention, waste is any substance or material that is disposed or which is intended or required to be disposed of. The material in itself is of no use for the generator. Wastes may be produced during extraction and processing of raw materials into final products and also during the use of the final products and other human activities. (United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), n.d) Hence from the above definitions we can say that materials which are of no use to us can be considered as being waste. 3.1 Waste management in metal workshop In metal workshops, as in the other industries, waste is likely to be produced. Improper management of these wastes may result in problems. According to the Environment Protection Act 2002, all metal workshops need to have a Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) license which clearly states the processes being undertaken and the direct and indirect impact on the environment and any action which they propose to minimize, mitigate or control the impacts. Once they have obtained the license, the workshop is visited on a regular basis by the relevant authority to ensure compliance with the terms in the EIA license. As mentioned earlier in this study, there are various sources of waste in metal workshops. The most considerable waste is from the material being used for processing, which is the metal itself. In Mauritius, all waste except the metals are sent in the municipal solid waste management system. The metal are collected by scrap metal carriers and sent for recycling. The sad part is that this is not the case for all the metal workshops. The formal sector abides by this practice but the informal sector sometimes indulges in dumping activities to dispose of the metal waste. Metal is a natural resource which is undergoing heavy extraction. The Club Report and other energy crisis have lead to the fear of not being able to cope with the need in worlds metal demand (Radezki, 1975). It is important to make a distinction between resource and reserve. A resource is a naturally occurring material in the earths crust whereas a reserve is the part of an identified resource which can be extracted or produced at the time of determination. World reserves of aluminium and iron are estimated at 3,910 and 65,000 Mt respectively, while the world resources of these metals are estimated at 11,000 and 230,000 Mt respectively (Norgate T.E and Rankin W.J, 2002 cited Dzioubinski and Chipman, 1999; US Bureau of Mines, 1995). According to the World Bank document, the reserves for iron ore would last for around 50 years and for copper and bauxite 29 years (Dr. Diederen A.M, 2009;Radetzki, 1975). This has led to an increasing concern for resource conservation and also environmental protection as the waste tends to pollute the environment. Thus, the concept of recyclability of materials is used to recycle the metal. It is to be noted that no study has been carried out so far to evaluate how waste is being managed in metal workshops in Mauritius. Hence, we dont have much information available in this field; this is among one of the reasons why we chose this study. This research can also be used as a foundation for other people conducting research in the same field. CHAPTER 4 Methodology Research methods are the different modus-operandi that is used in a research. (Rajasekar et al, 2006). They include theoretical procedures and experimental studies among many others. Choosing and applying a proper research method is vital as it will help to evaluate and use the research results which can be valuable to local or international organisation or countries as well as its the method chosen that will help us to meet with our objectives and consequently come up with vital discussions which may improve things. Research Approach and Design: According to Burns and Grove (1993: 777), a quantitative research can be defined as a formal and systematic process to describe the test relationships and examine cause and their interactions on variables. Furthermore, a survey is used to collect data from a large populat