The Bond Market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Bond Market - Research Paper Example On the other hand, corporate debt refers to the property owned by a business, which can serve as an income distress absorber to a specific class of stakeholders. This paper intends to outline the issues that surround bond market in the current market. The U.S. Federal Reserve (â€Å"the Fed†) plays a progressively active role in the performance of the economy and financial markets with its numerous tools. How does Federal Reserve policy affect the bond market? Essentially, the Federal Reserve plays a key role in providing a monetary climate, which is intended in promoting economic stability and simultaneously maintaining consistent economic growth. The Federal Reserve strives to maintain the peaks and troughs at minimum levels. It is impertive3 to note that the Federal Reserve accomplishes their role through manipulation of two interest rate levels (Brett, 17). They include the Federal Funds rates and the Discount Rate. The Federal Funds rate refers to the rates banks charge e ach other to borrow reserves overnight while refers to rate the Federal charges for bank reserve borrowing. It is significant that, changes in both rates have a direct impact on the bond market, yield levels. It is imperative to note that, the corporate bonds always yield more than the government bonds. This is to account for the risk. The Federal Reserve plays a key role in influencing the bond market by controlling the prices and rates of bonds. This enhances controlling of the inflations rates. For instance, investors who buy bonds with a maturity period longer than a couple of years ago have augmented risk disclosure to the level of inflation and its attrition of prospect cash flow values (Brett, 15). However, the Federal Reserve moderates this situation by targeting the level of inflation because inflation expectations have bigger shock on the echelon of interest rates for prolonged maturity bonds than shorter outcome consequently, regulation of the bond market. For the case of bonds with long maturity number of years, the Federal Reserve endeavors to regulate inflation rates. This is because, the levels of inflation directly affects the inflation of expectations consequently increased level of interest rates for longer maturity bonds than shorter maturity bonds (Brett, 16). Fundamentally, the Federal Reserve directly controls the shorter maturity yield levels. The influence caused by the Federal Reserve on the interest rates consequently, significant change is indicated in the levels of yields. The yield curve normally represents the yield market levels. More over, Brett asserts that, the current bull market in bonds will only end if inflation rates rise. This implies that, the current economic status is sluggish and it is characterized by unemployment and high rate of inflation. Bibliography Brett Arends. Bonds- Heading from Bull Market to Bubble. The Journal of The Wall Street. 15.9 (2012): 15- 19. Print. What happens to interest rates as bond prices r ise? The bond markets are extremely active. The interest rates are constantly changing in response to numerous factors, which include changes in demand and supply of credit, market psychology, economic conditions, fiscal policy, Federal Reserve policy and exchange rates. It is significant to note that, as interest rates change, a consequent change in values of all bonds in the market place is expected. For instance, when, interest rates increase bonds with longer maturity periods are immensely affected compared with those

Friedrich Froebel Essay Example for Free

Friedrich Froebel Essay In 1837, having developed and tested radically new educational method and philosophy based on structured activity based learning, Froebel moved to Bad Blankenburg and established his Play and Activity Institute which he renamed in 1840 Kindergarten. Kindergarten was essentially three parts: ââ€"  Toys for sedentary creative play. (Froebel called gifts and occupations) ââ€"  Games and dances for healthy activity. ââ€"  Observing and nurturing plants in a garden for stimulating awareness of the natural world. Froebel stated many things among them are statements such as: It was a search for metaphysical unity, in which the potential growth to wholeness of the individual child within the natural world would fulfil harmonious Ideal with the mind of God. Play is the highest expression of human development in childhood for it alone is the free expression of what is in a child’s soul. The gifts and occupations are the living connection which makes both play and work expressions of the same creative activity.

Virginia Woolfs Use of Moments of Being Essay -- Biography Biographie

Virginia Woolf's Use of Moments of Being      Ã‚   Virginia Woolf is recognized as one of the great innovators of modern fiction. Her experiments with point of view and her use of stream of consciousness have influenced many writers that followed her. But one particularly interesting technique that does not seem to receive much attention is her use of "moments of being."    She first mentions moments of being in her essay, "A Sketch of the Past," which was to be the beginning of her memoirs. She begins with one of her earliest memories: a night in the nursery at St. Ives. She vividly recalls the way the blinds fluttered in the wind, the light coming through the window and the sound of the sea. She had a feeling of "lying in a grape and seeing through a film of semi-transparent yellow" (65). This memory is so strong that when she recalls those sensations they become more real for her than the present moment. This observation leads her to wonder why some moments are so powerful and memorable--even if the events themselves are unimportant--that they can be vividly recalled while other events are easily forgotten. She concludes that there are two kinds of experiences: moments of being and non-being. Woolf never explicitly defines what she means by "moments of being." Instead she provides examples of these moments and contrasts them with moments of what she calls "non-being." She describes the previous day as:      Ã‚  Ã‚   Above the average in 'being.' It was fine; I enjoyed writing these first   Ã‚  Ã‚   pages . . . I walked over Mount Misery and along the river; and save that   Ã‚  Ã‚   the tide was out, the country, which I n... ...ople. When the cotton wool is rent, when one experiences a moment with full consciousness, one experiences the true intensity of life. These moments of being can be read as brief poems hidden among the trivial details of life that some characters--and readers with them--are fortunate enough to experience.    Works Cited    Winterson, Jeanette. "A Gift of Wings." In Art Objects: Essays on Ecstasy and Effrontery. New York: Vintage Books, 1995.    Woolf, Virginia. Between the Acts. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1969.    -------. Mrs. Dalloway. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981.    -------. To the Lighthouse. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1981.    -------. "A Sketch of the Past."In Moments of Being.Ed. Jeanne Schulkind. 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1985.

The Progression of Transgender Rights in the Workplace

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Environmental Science Essay

Although attempting to subdivide existing farm plots and redistribute them may be considered suitable for the purposes of remediating food insecurity and rural poverty, there exists a significant amount of controversy over such a practice due to the issues such redistribution entail. For example, the redistribution of land would require that the distributing entity pick and choose claims and rights to land at their discretion, and such claims can range from historic, ancestral or even from â€Å"ownership of the till. † Land reform has met much resistance from even the most impoverished numbers of developing countries, and it would be difficult to attempt redistribution without shaking up the foundations of property rights. Farming co-ops provide a distinct advantage for farmers. First of all, they provide them the opportunity to act as a group, giving them a collective bargaining power that they do not possess as individuals and allows them to act in unison in seizing market opportunities while being able to manage risks together. In effect, they can leverage their interests better when united as a co-op and it is this asset that has brought success to the likes of the Ocean Spray Cranberry growers and the farmers of Sunkist. (Gable, 2006; Hieu, 2008) Opening up new land is perhaps the most rapidly actionable means of increasing the food supply for a growing population, but this also poses a liability with regards to environmental impact. The problem with agriculture, especially the large-scale grain-based industrial monoculture which has been developed to feed most of the world, is that it is largely unsustainable and has a detrimental effect on soil fertility. In the first half of the 20th century, a large portion of the American Midwest was reduced to desert due to aggressive expansion of the wheat growing agriculture. (Manning, 2004) As such, what is needed is not the expansion of the present industrial agriculture, but the development of techniques and technologies to improve farming so that yields are better, but without compromising sustainability. Pursuing job opportunities in the city is not entirely perfect, but it is a desirable direction towards the development of compact communities and urban density. When combined with practices such as permaculture, which is the development of perennial agricultural systems that resemble the systems found in natural ecology (Holmgren, 2003), compact communities effectively curtail many of the environmentally adverse effects of sprawl and the wastefulness of imposing distance between food production, residential zoning and urban sectors. (Sightline Institute, n. d. ) Ultimately, what is needed to address the needs of a growing population in the developing world is not the application of population control measures, or a voluntary call to asceticism, but the institution of developmental policies that recognize the needs and wants of human society on terms that are just to developing nations and corrective to developed ones. Alex Steffen (2006) notes that it is wrong to think we can talk developing nations out of pursuing their dreams, and deny them of the material luxury that citizens of developed nations take for granted. Therefore, what is necessary is bright green developmental policy, founded upon the idea that economic luxury continue without rendering the planet an uninhabitable wasteland. This would require cradle-to-cradle designs, closed-loop industrial systems and self-sustaining infrastructure, much of which is already possible today. The future is already here, it’s just not well distributed. REFERENCES Gable, C. (2006, October). â€Å"Fields of Power; Farming Co-Ops & the Future of Biodiesel,† Organic Producer. Retrieved October 9, 2008 from: http://www. organicproducermag. com/index. cfm? fuseaction=feature. display&feature_id=43 Hieu, T. (2008, July 27) â€Å"Farming co-ops may be answer to rural poverty. † Vietnam Business News. Retrieved October 9, 2008 from: http://www. vnbusinessnews. com/2008/07/farming-co-ops-may-be-answer-to-rural. html Manning, R. (2004) Against the Grain: How Agriculture Hijacked Civilization. New York, New York: North Point Press. Holmgren, D. (2003) Permaculture: Principles & Pathways Beyond Sustainability. Hepburn Springs, Victoria, Australia: Holmgren Design Services. Sightline Institute. (n. d. ) â€Å"Build Complete, Compact Communities. † Sightline Institute. Retrieved October 8, 2008 from: http://www. sightline. org/research/sust_toolkit/fundamentals/great_places Steffen, A. (Ed. ) (2006) Worldchanging: A User’s Guide for the 21st Century. New York: Abrams, Inc.